Racial Awareness And Racism And Stereotypes - 1529 Words

Educators typically want students to become citizens who can successfully interact with a diverse world. But, how can we educate students in a way that can inspire them to accept and understand a range of people and cultures as well as counter racism and stereotypes? It all begins with the educators themselves having an open mind about different races, as they should act as models to the students. I believe that if teachers educate and enlighten their students about race and cultures, it would lower the chances of racism. Racial awareness is key in the early years of education as it allows students to develop more knowledge, therefore preventing racism and stereotypes. Instructors can model racial awareness to their students by†¦show more content†¦They focused on the racialized responses of both White teachers and teachers of color to anti-bias or anti-racist in service teacher trainings in both districts. Researchers had asked the teachers the following questions â€Å"(1 ) what messages about the nature of race and racism did teachers take from the trainings, (2) what structural limitations do these messages reflect, and (3) how does Harris’ (1993) concept of Whiteness as property illuminate the relationship between the individuals and the structure, between equality and equity?† (Vaught, 2008, p. 95). After the different questions were asked, researchers found that â€Å"data indicated that the messages teachers took and also created from the trainings were grouped under three interconnected themes: White privilege, individualism, and cultural awareness.† (Vaught, 2008, p.95). The racial attitudes expressed by teachers in this study were illustrative of larger structural racism that both informs and is reinforced by these attitudes in their practice. I think that this research was effective because the only way students are not informed and educated about racism, is if the teacher themselves are not informed or educated themselv es, or if they believe that the issue of racism is not important enough for their class. Another article that IShow MoreRelatedRacial And Ethnic Tensions That Can Affect Our Society1392 Words   |  6 Pagesdiscriminate or stereotype other individuals of a particular race, gender, age, or ethnicity? Because we live in world that is rapidly growing and becoming more diverse than ever, it is critical that we gain the knowledge and understanding of other cultures values, worldviews, and way of communication. In this lecture, we will address the racial and ethnic tensions that exist in our school. In addition, there will be a short play demonstrating issues involving discrimination and stereotype. At the endRead MoreRacial Discrimination : An American Civil Rights Activist942 Words   |  4 Pagesan American civil rights activist talked about racial discrimination in America today and said â€Å"As I often say, we have come a long way from the days of slavery, but in 2014, discrimination and inequality still saturates our society in modern ways. Though racism may be less blatant now in many cases, its existence is undeniable.† (Al Sharpton. BrainyQuote.com) Racial discrimination is a pessimistic reality that affects everyone in our society. Racism has destroyed and ended many lives but continuesRead MoreRacial Stereotypes And Racial Inequality1657 Words   |  7 PagesI. Introduction To this day there are still many unresolved issues of racial stereotypes and racial inequality throughout the United States. And it is undeniably seen that the world today embraces multi-cultural and sexual orientation, yet there is still an unsupportable intolerance towards ethnicities and difference. The biggest issue in the world today is the struggle for African Americans to end racial stereotypes that they have inherited from their past, and to bridge the gap between acceptanceRead MoreRacism and Stereotypes in the Movie Crash693 Words   |  3 PagesCrash is a movie about race and stereotypes and its effects on the various people living in the Los Angeles area. The movie boost racial awareness and it requires close observation from the viewer. We see a variety of races including African American men and women, several Hispanics, a Middle Eastern family, and a few Asians. We see the ups and downs of each character and it helps us see where they are coming from, and potentially why they are racist against different people. It seems that we almostRead MoreRacial Segregation And Popular Culture1676 Words   |  7 Pagesand disturbing portrayals of members in a racial group contribute to the justification of unequal treatment in various systems that impact people in the society negatively. Racial biases exist unconsciously in our attitudes. This leads to actions that are negatively interpreted in our cultures and diffuse in the media, which in turn, form prejudice and discrimination that structure systems to target minority groups. The two most frequent racial stereotypes in cultural and social agendas are popularRead MoreRacism And The Australian Human Rights Commission1626 Words   |  7 PagesRacism, wherever it occurs, has damaging effects. It can be defined as the belief that all members of each race possess characteristics or abilities, especially so as to distinguish it as inferior or superior to another race (Oxford dictionary). It can occur on indi vidual, internal,or institutional levels, and it can be either subtle or obvious (Jones,2000). Research confirms that racism is still prevalent in today’s society, in 2013 the Australian Human Rights Commission received a 59 per cent increaseRead MoreRacism And Racism In Society1702 Words   |  7 Pagesexist. It is all over our country. Racism is left in the open anymore, but people still have racist thoughts against people that live in America. Racism was not a big problem during the 1940s, when people were racist against the people around them. But now, things have gotten much better. The community, town government is trying to stop such racial problems. Racial problems and judgements not really exist in our community openly, but some remains of racial problems still remain in communitiesRead MoreRace From A Historical Perspective Within The Context Of Australia1733 Words   |  7 PagesRacism has been the ugly underbelly of Australian sport for over a century (Huma n Rights, 2007). According to Szoke (2012), ultimately, racism is a denial of human relationship (Szoke, 2012). There are many ways in which race and skin colour has been â€Å"marked† in sport in Australia. This essay will look at the many ways in sport in which race and skin colour has been represented to society. This essay will begin to look at race from a historical perspective within the context of Australia. It willRead MoreImproving Awareness Of The Indigenous Peoples And Cultures1478 Words   |  6 Pagesand schools are important contexts for shaping social norms (World Health Organization, 2003, p.3.6). This makes schools a primary setting for addressing the issue of discrimination and enforcing prevention strategies. The importance of improving awareness of the Indigenous peoples and cultures are recognised in the Australian Professional Standards for Teachers (AITSL, 2012), which state that teachers need to be able to understand and respect Indigenous peoples to promote reconciliation between IndigenousRead MoreNative Indian Culture : Color Blind Racism880 Words   |  4 PagesAnother form of racism placed onto Native Indian people is color-blind racism. This form of racism rationalizes â€Å"racial inequality as the outcome of nonracial dynamics† (Robertson 120). Color-blind racism takes the standards created by the dominant discourse and applies them to all ethnic groups, putting them on an even level plain field without recognizing historical or social context of each group. Therefore, according to color blind racism, the effects of casualties and stereotypical of Native

Persuasive Essay The Golden Door - 775 Words

The â€Å"Golden Door† In the late 1800s, millions of immigrants arrived in the United States for various reasons. Some sought for religious freedom, others looked for job opportunities to support their families. They came with great hopes, hoping that they would eventually become wealthy and their future generations didn’t have to suffer like them. However, when they arrived in the country, they often faced many hardships such as language problems and poverty. They were also prejudiced by the nativists. According to them, immigrants would take their jobs away and harm the society. As a result, it led to national wide debates about whether the U.S. â€Å"golden door† should remain open or limit future immigration. In fact, various evidence pointed†¦show more content†¦It also allowed people to interact with other cultures, traditions. On the other hand, some people would argue that the U.S should limit immigration because the immigrants were taking jobs away from the Americans. This point of view made sense because there were millions of immigrants coming to the United State, competing for jobs. Most of them were willing to work with low pays, lower than the desired salaries of the native-born Americans. And this was what the business owners wanted. Since then, factories started to hire more and more immigrants. It led to the complaints of the nativists, fearing that they would harm the society. However, these immigrants were only trying their best to achieve the American Dreams, through their blood, sweat, and tears. An example was from William I. Thomas and Florian Znaniecki’s book â€Å"The Polish Peasant in Europe and America, volume 1.† According to it, August Gar wrote to his parents in Poland, â€Å" I worked today but I do not know if I will live through tomorrow... I make 8 dollars a week, but I have to pay 3 1/2 dollars a week for room and board and you know how much I have left.† It suggested the challenges that the immigrants faced while working inShow MoreRelatedThe And Its Unhelpful Contributions Towards Society2112 Words   |  9 PagesNational 5: Persuasive Essay Meninism and its Unhelpful Contributions towards Society A few months ago, on Twitter, a ‘parody’ account under the name of @MeninistTweet began mocking feminists by tweeting about ‘men’s rights’. This account quickly evolved into what many believed was a legitimate movement in fighting for men’s rights. Something that began as ‘obviously sarcasm’ (as stated in their bio) has spiralled into an absurd number of people believing that men are being oppressed by women,Read More The Themes in Oedipus Rex Essay2792 Words   |  12 PagesThe Themes in Oedipus Rex  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚   Sophocles’ tragedy, Oedipus Rex, contains one main theme, which this essay will consider. The theme is the general doctrine or belief implicit in the drama, which the author seeks to make persuasive to the reader (Abrams 170).    In â€Å"Sophocles’ Moral Themes† Robert D. Murray Jr. cites a critic who is strictly moralist in the interpretation of the theme of Oedipus Rex:    Let C. M. Bowra speak for the moralists:    The central idea ofRead MoreInstructive Text Types11631 Words   |  47 Pagesclassification helps to establish specific correlations between purpose and extra-linguistic context. The third chapter represent the directive instructive text type; here we have legal texts, statutory instructions, practical instructions, persuasive texts, and the last one being classified in commercial advertisements, political texts, religious and ethical appeal. I focus on these texts because I find them appropriate to daily routine, where the rules make our lives and we followRead MoreHumanities11870 Words   |  48 PagesINTRODUCTION This module provides an overview on the subject of art appreciation for those entirely new to the subject. This is a complex topic to deal with and it is impossible to have a truly comprehensive discussion on the topic in such a brief essay. The student is advised to consult more advanced texts to gain further understanding of how to appreciate art more fully. HUMANITIES: What is it? †¢ The term Humanities comes from the Latin word, â€Å"humanitas† †¢ It generally refers to art, literatureRead MoreTest Bank Communication Essay14167 Words   |  57 Pagesyour message a warm, personal touch. True False 18. You must get approval from the office manager before you may submit any expenses for reimbursement. This statement is very effective in communicating the you-attitude. True False 19. The essay should also include a discussion of the economic impact of your decision. This statement uses an impersonal expression to convey the you-attitude. True False 20. You will be happy to hear that the company will expand its operations overseas nextRead MoreThe taste of melon by borden deal11847 Words   |  48 Pageshis. Though it was so near, I had never been in his yard before. I felt my legs trembling as I went up the brick walk and stood at the bottom of the steps, the paper sack in my hand. I knocked on the porch floor, and Willadean came to the screen door. I did not look at her. â€Å"I want to talk to your father.† She stared at me for a moment, then she disappeared. In a moment Mr. Wills appeared in the doorway. His face was marked by the night, his cheeks sunken, his mouth bitten in. He stared atRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesPHILADELPHIA Temple University Press 1601 North Broad Street Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122 www.temple.edu/tempress Copyright  © 2010 by Temple University All rights reserved Published 2010 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Essays on twentieth century history / edited by Michael Peter Adas for the American Historical Association. p. cm.—(Critical perspectives on the past) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-1-4399-0269-1 (cloth : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-1-4399-0270-7Read MorePropaganda by Edward L Bernays34079 Words   |  137 Pagesreached by the printed word, and the methods of appeal. The growth of newspapers and magazines having a 63 Propaganda circulation of millions of copies, and the art of the modern advertising expert in making the printed message attractive and persuasive, have placed the business man in a personal relation with a vast and diversified public. Another modern phenomenon, which influences the general policy of big business, is the new competition between certain firms and the remainder of the industryRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesCommunication 341 †¢ Nonverbal Communication 341 Organizational Communication 342 Formal Small-Group Networks 343 †¢ The Grapevine 343 †¢ Electronic Communications 345 †¢ Managing Information 349 Choice of Communication Channel 350 xiv CONTENTS Persuasive Communications 351 Automatic and Controlled Processing 351 †¢ Interest Level 352 †¢ Prior Knowledge 352 †¢ Personality 352 †¢ Message Characteristics 352 Barriers to Effective Communication 353 Filtering 353 †¢ Selective Perception 353 †¢ InformationRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagespumps due to an OPEC-led fuel crisis, economists predicted that oil would sell for $100 a barrel in the United States by 1980. Most notorious of all, of course, was the prediction by the United States patent office in 1896 that it would soon close its doors since â€Å"everything that can be invented has been invented.† Warren Bennis, a colleague of ours, half-jokingly predicted that the factory of the future would have only two employees, a person and a dog. The person would be there to feed the dog. The

Communication Evolution Trump Tech Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Communication Evolution Trump Tech. Answer: Literature Review The elections this time in United States unlike the previous elections, as the candidates directly represented the status quo of the two parties they belonged form, Democrat and Republicans. The election was more about the personality and approach of the two candidates, rather than their party ideology (Lilleker et al. 2016). Donald Trump took a very ingenious approach in presenting himself as an outsider in politics and someone who was a perfect representative of the American dream. He is an established business personality, and property honcho, however he had no substantial experience in the field of politics (Williams 2017). Trump had from the very beginning shaped his personality to the voters as a person who is strictly right wing and he included a no compromise policy against the immigrants (Norpoth 2016). A lot of political experts dubbed his approach as being pro white and viewing the Asian and African people as outsiders. This made a lot of people doubt the victory of Trump into office as a substantial amount of votes come from the Asians and Afro Americans. However, the media campaign that Trump took was different and unconventional (Davis 2016). Trump focused on unlikely voters who rarely has been participants of the primaries, which elects the Presidential nominates, and Trump successfully managed to win the primaries. The low propensity voters strategy worked out well (Montanaro 2016). The data analysts and the campaign designers launched one of the most unusual campaigns that had been ever been conducted. A data operation to predict the campaign outcomes had been designed inside the Trump towers known as the Trump Tech. There were contracts set up with Nation builder a platform that has been designed digitally to establish contact with the volunteers, workers and supporters. There have been various controversies during the political campaign that was taken up by Donald Trump, one of which was Gender issues. According to Wang et al. (2016) both Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump used woman card in their political campaign to win the votes of the women. However, some comments made by Donald Trump helped the media against him to portray him as anti-women. Apart from that the media took up the case of Russian hand in US election to establish that Trump has been getting outside support in the elections, and his election as a President can hamper national security (Lichtblau and Myers 2016). As reported by BBC US intelligence agencies have concluded Moscow tried to sway the presidential election in favor of Mr. Trump. It is alleged that Russian hackers stole information linked to the campaign of his rival Hillary Clinton and passed it to WikiLeaks so it could be released to undermine her. Congressional committees were set up to investigate the matter and, in Mar ch, then-FBI director James Comey confirmed the bureau had its own inquiry. However, the clever election campaign adopted by the Trump camp was effective enough to remove the obstacles and hurdles posed by the media and successfully win the elections. In terms of the media of United States, it was initially seen that most of the big media houses were against the Trump campaign. Huffington Post, The New York Times and CNN were some of the news agencies that continuously reported against Donald Trump, to which Trump decided to give direct rebuttals (Azari 2016). The media got divided into pro Trump and anti-Trump Camps (Pickard 2017). Trump even popularized the term Fake News to contradict the US media campaign against him. The word was popularized soon enough and got enlisted as the word of the year (Hirst 2017). Trump has been closely followed by the media and his tweets and Facebook posts during the election campaign has been given a detailed coverage. There was a typing error that was posted from Donald Trumps twitter account which was later included in many online dictionaries. This more than required coverage on Trump actually helped him in the process. Trump did not appear to be a figure who would compromise on his stance. He portrayed himself as someone who is fixed on his plans to build a wall to keep ways illegal immigrants from Mexico and to deport the existing illegal immigrants from the country (Lakoff 2016). America had recently seen some violent terrorist attacks and many crimes committed by illegal immigrants had affected the citizens of the country to a large extent. Trumps political campaign had taken all these factors into consideration and the campaigners wisely penetrated the minds of the people (Francia 2017). Content Analysis The various strategies taken by the political campaigners of Trump had affectively managed to influence the mind of the audience. The media campaign was designed intelligently and in a sequential method. In the required phase the primaries were targeted, and the most unusual voters in this category were influenced to vote in favor of Trump. This had helped in ensuring the candidature of Trump. The media campaigners successfully detected what are the issues which had angered the public in the 8 year long Obama tenure. Unemployment, crime rates, terrorist activities and illegal activities of the immigrants were topping the list. Trump systematically imbibed these into his political campaign and displayed a no compromise policy against all of these issues. This had successfully initiated the process of bringing many disenchanted Obama supporters to his side as well. The data center of Trump was one of the highest tech data centers used in any political election ever by any party. This g ave the campaigners a real time understanding of the moods of people and the political trends of the country. These are some of the ways in which a political campaign was used to influence voting during the 2016 United States Presidential election. References: Azari, J.R., 2016. How the news media helped to nominate Trump.Political Communication,33(4), pp.677-680. Davis, A., 2016. How Trump Won: Why Hillary Clinton Lost and What the Democrats Can Learn from the Shocking 2016 Election.Amazon Digital Services LLC, NY, USA. Francia, P.L., 2017. Free media and Twitter in the 2016 presidential election: The unconventional campaign of Donald Trump.Social Science Computer Review, p.0894439317730302. Hirst, M., 2017. Towards a political economy of fake news.The Political Economy of Communication,5(2). Lakoff, G., 2016. Why Trump?.Huffington Post blog, March,3. Lichtblau, E. and Myers, S.L., 2016. Investigating Donald Trump, FBI Sees No Clear Link to Russia.New York Times. Lilleker, D., Jackson, D., Thorsen, E. and Veneti, A., 2016. US Election Analysis 2016: Media, Voters and the Campaign. Montanaro, D., 2016. 7 Reasons Donald Trump Won the Presidential Election.NPR. org. November,12. Norpoth, H., 2016. Primary model predicts Trump victory.USA TODAY,7, p.16. Pickard, V., 2017. Media failures in the age of Trump.The Political Economy of Communication,4(2). Wang, Y., Feng, Y., Luo, J. and Zhang, X., 2016, December. Pricing the woman card: Gender politics between Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump. InBig Data (Big Data), 2016 IEEE International Conference on(pp. 2541-2544). IEEE. Williams, C.B., 2017. Introduction: Social media, political marketing and the 2016 US election.

What are the main differences between Sikhism and Jainism Essay Example

What are the main differences between Sikhism and Jainism Paper Jainism is a religion of severity. Its goal is passionless detachment, reached only through the most severe and disciplined lifestyles, culminating in death by voluntary self-starvation. The aim is to achieve the goal solely by self-effort without the help of God or gods; Although these self-imposed austerities often include benefit for others. Jains have long been active in promoting public welfare. They are known especially for their endowment of schools and hospitals for people and animals. Ahimsa meaning non-violence is the basis of Jainism. Sikhism based on a loving and ever-present God experience in the here and now is much less concerned with other worldliness. The stress is on this life, this existence and achievement of a state of physical/spiritual equipoise through constant engagement in the Divine Being (Naam). The Sikh religion is perceived as possessing two basic features, one being a mystical aspect the other more aggressive, military and world affirming. Jains constitute what is the only major religion in the world that is unconditionally vegetarian. The Sikh book of Laws, the Rehat Meryada only rejects the eating of meat which is halal-or kosher. We will write a custom essay sample on What are the main differences between Sikhism and Jainism specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on What are the main differences between Sikhism and Jainism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on What are the main differences between Sikhism and Jainism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The focal point of worship is different between the two religions. Jainisms rejection of God does not entail rejection of prayer and worship-contemplation. Jains contemplate on images of Lord Mahavir (meaning Great Hero) or other Jainas- (previous Tirathankaras). The Sikhs pray on the teachings of their eternal guru, the living guru, Guru Granth Sahib and their ten masters before. This is not worshipped as a holy book It is the knowledge therein that the Sikh adopts into his way of life. Ultimately for a Sikh, God id the profound realisation based on mature reflection of saints and prophets regardless of their religion, caste, class or status in human society. Jains do not believe in a creator God you are the controller of your destiny as in the laws of physics. The meditative focus of the Jains is on the inner light or the Tirathankaras (ones who reached salvation). They believe in energy having its own intelligence the theory of evolution. In Jainism there is no concept of a holy book. It was only introduced when the British courts of Law in their time in India, required one for oath taking procedures. It was at this time that the Kalpasutra containing a biography of Lord Mahavira written by a monk called Bhadrabahu, after the demise of Mahavira. This is one of 45 books of his writings on logic, universe, code of conduct etc. Mahavira and the other unorthodox teachers of his age were primarily interested in seeking liberation from the wheel of rebirths. Sikhs believe in there being a God without parallel and meditate on the One who is the Absolute Truth a formless God. Sikhism promotes belief in the Grace of God. They believe that God may forgive and pardon humans for their sins and wrongs Sikhs believe in a loving God. Jains talk about forgiveness without involving God in it. Sikhism is theistic (believe in God) and Jainism is atheistic (dont believe in Gods existence). Jains observe fasting during the festival of Paryushan/ Samtsari. Sikhism does not sanction any kind of fasting. Explain the main beliefs/ teachings of Jainism, comparing where appropriate, with the teachings of Sikhism (own faith) Jainism is a non-Vedic Indian religion (they do not believe in the teachings of the Vedas). The Vedic religions accept the authority of the Vedas and Vedic literature (Hinduism). Whereas Jainism accepts the authority of its own Agamas and Agamas literature- Holy Scriptures, Jainism completely rejects the notion of a creator God, an external entity. Jainism is a representation f the Sramanic culture. Jainism is humanistic in its approach and spiritualistic in its depth. Religious fervour and moral earnestness are closely associated and subscribe to the view Religion if taken seriously and rationally will be deeply moral, but it is not morality. Sikhism is a whole life socio-political religion. Its aim is to uplift the personal lives of individuals to a higher social and spiritual levels. Sikhism believes in the Oneness of God, a formless God and teaches against idol worship in any form. Jainism promotes belief in worship of a living god as Mahavir and other Tirathankaras, though they do not idolise these saintly figures. Jains worship the idea of attaining a god-like status within themselves. Jains do not believe that the universe has been created by a super-being and adopt belief in the scientific theory of the Big-Bang, laws of physics energy having its own intelligence- theory of evolution. There are similarities like setting aside a portion of ones earnings towards charity and welfare of the creation and faith. Sikhism places great importance on the underlying spirit (dharam) of religion, which is the recognition and dedicated pursuance of ones duty in life. Jainism is close to this ideal although it is much more prescriptive. Jainism occupies itself with a religious outlook: 1 The nature of the self 2 The goal of human pursuance 3 The doctrine of karma 4 The meaning of spiritual awakening 5 The incentives to a spiritual life 6 The performance of spiritual exercises such as control of five senses. The Sikh way of life relies on truthful conduct and a short formal code of discipline- Rehat Meryada, based on some basic injunctions issued by the Tenth guru, Guru Gobind Singh. The Sikhs seek daily guidance from the Word Guru, the eternal Guru, Guru Granth Sahib and the teachings therein. Sikhism believes in the existence of one Omnipotent reality called Waheguru. Jainism does not promote belief in a creator, they worship the idea of attaining god-like status within themselves. The Jain mysticism turns around two concepts Self ( atmaan) and higher Self (Paramatmaan). Each soul is a potential god i.e. Paramatmaan. As soon as the karmic limitations are removed the self realises its real nature and a state of pure perfection. Now the various innate capacities of the soul find their full expression and the soul exhibits its potential divinity. Mahavira is the figure behind Jainism-believed to be the 24 Tirathankar-Ford maker in the current era of cosmic decline. He found salvation and became a completed soul, Kevalin and conqueror Jina. The name Jain is derived from Jina.Mahavir taught for 30 years before passing away at Pava,near Patna in Bihar. Mahavir was much more of a rationalist than the Brahaminists He rejected revelation and based his religious scheme on logic and experience. He accepted the somewhat pessimistic view of the human situation and was concerned for release. As he saw the situation, the human soul was enmeshed in matter and could only gain liberation through losing its accumulation of actions and their consequences. At the heart of the Sikh religion lies the idea of the guru. God is perceived to be the true Guru-his divine and creative Word(Shabad) came to mankind in a distinctive way through ten historical figures each of whom was called a guru. God is one, the ultimate and eternal guru(satguru) who provides enlightenment and understanding for the disciple, by his own Grace. In is transcendent state he is beyond description. Gods grace enables sincere devotees to experience Him through worship and meditation. In its origin the sikh religion possesses a strong mystical and devotional basis. For Jains the Three Jewels to attain salvation are * Right knowledge * Right faith * Right conduct Right knowledge comes through the Jain creed, Right faith through believing in it and Right conduct through following it. The first two are worthless without the last so Jain monks and nuns, laymen and laywomen take vows of right conduct, the most important and all embracing of which is non-violence. For the sikh way of life,the founder of Sikhism taught the practice of truthful living * Kirt karo earn your living by honest means * Naam Jap meditate on the Oneness of God, One Absolute Truth * Vand shakna share your earnings with the needy. A3: Discuss the main beliefs on Jainism comparing them with the fundamental beliefs of Sikhism. (includes main vows) The four classes recognised by Jains are different to the quadruple division of society of the Vedic religion. The basis of division of classes in Jainism not birth but conduct. The divisions are known as 1. Sramanas monks ) homeless mendicants 2. Sramanis nuns ) 3. Sravakas laymen ) householders 4. Sravikas laywomen ) Jainism gives full freedom to all human beings to observe the vows. It provides equal opportunity to all persons to practice self discipline according to their capacity. The observers of vows are divided into two broad categories-ascetics and lay people. The ascetic observes great vows Mahavratas since he/she ceases completely from violence. The lay votary practices small vows Anuvratas in as much he/she desists partially from violence etc. Hence the ascetic vows are complete or great whereas the lay-votarys vows are partial or small. E.g. The lay votary is forbidden to commit gross violence i.e. destruction of higher forms of life those with more than one sense organ But the ascetic is prohibited to commit subtle violence also i.e. taking of lower forms of life beings with one sense organ. The five great vows for an ascetic are in the form of non-violence, non-truthfulness, non-stealing, celibacy, and non-possessiveness. An ascetic is also enjoined to practice the sixth vow of abstention from taking food and drink after sunset. The ascetic is also forbidden to commit any sin i.e. violence etc in any form. He is enjoined upon to refrain from all the sinful activities subtle and gross, physical, vocal, and mental. He neither commits a sin himself nor causes others to commit it; nor approves of its committal by others. The Jains accept the Hindu idea and beliefs in that the soul is always reincarnated, (reborn), and karma (deeds). In direct opposition to Buddhism, it teaches the existence of Self as a stable and external principle.

Macro

Introduction Macro environment analysis remains to be one of the basic initial steps in any strategic analysis (Williams Adrian, 1997). Therefore, this paper provides a PEST Analysis of a movie industry while using ‘A Horror Show at the Cinemaplex’ as a case study in its analysis.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Macro-Environment Analysis of ‘A Horror Show at the Cinemaplex’ Using PESTE Approach specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More PEST approach is an analysis of the macro environment that involves scanning the external environment of a business entity. It helps to understand the political, socio-cultural, economic and technological environments. It is a useful tool that is used to evaluate the market by determining whether there is decline or growth in business activities. Therefore, it provides the organization with various options that the organization can implement to direct its bus iness activities. Macro-environment analysis Political/Legal factor Order of Importance Issue +/- Effect on Growth 1 Change of policy: The policy that was adopted by FCC which required all broadcasters to change to digital technology by mid of 2009 is ascribed to have had a high impact on the film industry. + (for expansion of movie theater industry) 2 Price Changes: Price wars at retail level that occurred during the Christmas period of 2008 resulted to a drop of HD players below 200 dollars. -(Enabled potential customers to acquire their own home theater) 3 Home theater competition: Rivalry of the home theaters systems with movie theater industry -(theater industry) +(potential customers) 4 Programming Issues/ Policy Issues: Unbalanced show of the advertisements and movies during Movie Theater sessions. -(potential customers) +(for theater industry) 5 Large screen policy: The sole value proposition that is offered by large screens of movie theaters. +(overall) 6 T echnology changeover policy: The theater industry was slow in adopting new technologies. -(overall ) 7 Court Rulings: The supreme court ruling of 1948 against the studios encouraged competition in the industry +(for customers) -(for the theater industry) Overall Rating: +/-BALANCED Economic factor Order of Importance Issue +/- Effect on Growth 1 Revenue turnover: Revenues have maintained to be high. +(theater industry) Sales of alternative products: Massive sales of DVDs and subsequent expansion of their technology. +(potential customers) -(theater industry) 2 Slow income growth rate: Its growth has been slow. For instance, for a period spanning from 1997 to 2007, revenue increased only by five percent. -(Overall) 3 Slow market growth rate: Stagnation of the consumer market despite increase in population -(overall) 4 Production costs: The movie investment required a large capital base. This formed some basis as to why the industry experienced some decline as t he success formula for this industry became elusive. -(theater industry) 5 High production costs: The cost of making a typical feature was too high in the current times as it has increased by 25 percent. -(overall) 6 High auxiliary costs: A part from production costs; other associated costs such as marketing remained to be high as they even accounted for a third of the entire production costs. -(overall) Overall rating: – NEGATIVE Socio-cultural factor Order of Impact / Importance Issue +/- Effect on Growth 1 Growth of theaters: Numbers of theaters have declined -(overall) Growth of screens: The screens numbers have over the time remained constant. +(overall) 2 Entertainment demography: Demographic data shows that customers in the market spends substantial amount of time on entertainment in a year since an average American dedicates 3500 hours for entertainment annually but only spends 12 hours watching movies. + (overall) 3 Theater as a necessity: It i s also noted in the case study that the ability of the audience being provided by what they do not have in their homes is highly diminishing since they can get the same from the comfort of their homes. -(theater industry) 4 Ancient social imbalance: Television technology that was believed to be a preserve of the rich only is now available and accessible to all classes of people which provide cinema experience to them. +(overall) 5 Taste varieties: Little differences in services offered in the movie industry since they show almost the same movies and other services such as food remain identical. -(overall) 6 Appeal for Movie Theater: A good opportunity to go out of the house; An ideal location for a date. +(overall) Overall rating: + POSITIVE Technological factor Order of Importance Issue +/- Effect on Growth 1 Technological changes: Technological revolutions in the cinema since digital technologies have resulted to high resolution of digitized images on the screen. +(overall) 2 LCD technology: Decline in manufacturing costs as a result of LCD technology for television screens and computers. +(overall) 3 Fall in television prices: Decline in prices of televisions which fell by 65 percent in the year 2007. This has resulted to more purchasing power on the part of the potential clients for their home theaters. -(theater industry) +(potential customers) 4 Packages at lower cost: DVD Players, large television screens and speaker components are currently packaged at a low cost. +(potential customers) -(theater industry) 5 DVD technologies: Penetration of the market by DVD players that are highly defined +(potential customers) -(theater industry) 6 high percentage content of HD: Provision of high percentage content of HD to customers by cable and satellite television providers. +(potential customers) -(theater industry) Overall: + POSITIVE Environmental factor Order of Importance Issue +/- Effect on Growth 1 Environmental disru ptions: Disruptions such as cell phones, unending adverts during the show, rude patrons which characterize the environment of operation of the theater industry. -(overall) 2 Environmental relevance of theater movies: Movies as a source of entertainment in the operating environment are still popular. +(theater industry) 3 Environmental opportunities for movie viewing: Opportunities that facilitate viewing movies outside the theaters have increased tremendously. +(overall) 4 Environmental popularity of movie theaters: Few people are going to theaters to watch movies +(theater industry) 5 Environmental segment of movie theater popularity: The core audience of the movie theater is young people between the ages of 12 years to 24 years old. -(theater industry) 6 Environmental attractions of movie theaters: Theatrical value of sound systems in movie theaters +(theater industry) Overall: + POSITIVE Summary of Macro-Environment Analysis Macro-environment analysis of ‘a h orror show at the cinemaplex’ using PESTE approach covers five aspects of the external environment of operation. Therefore, the analysis covered political, economic, societal, technological and environmental factors surrounding the organization in its business operations. For that matter, all these factors through the analysis done, it has been established that they have immense impacts on the business operations of the movie theater industry in either a positive or negative manner. To begin with, political factors have been found to offering both palatable and non palatable factors in a balanced form for the industry. For instance, since politics concerns crafting of policies in societies, there have been several policies that have been passed in the operating environment that have been both friendly and unfriendly to the movie theater industry. For example, a policy was adopted by FCC that required all broadcasters to change to digital technology by June of 2009. This polic y promoted home theater to the disadvantage of the movie theater industry.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In respect to societal analysis, the results of the case study indicates that the socio cultural factors in the environment offers more positive factors for movie theater industry as compared to its negative related factors. On the other hand, economic analysis indicates that there have been slow rate of growth in respect to revenue turnover of the film industry. For example, for the period of ten years, the revenue had only grown by five percent which is relatively low compared to that long span of time. Nonetheless, management of the film industry also became a challenge to the players in the industry since it required substantial amount of capital compared to other alternative sources of entertainment. Moreover, concerning technological analysis, it was establis hed that there have been various technological changes that have taken place which have impacted on industry performance. For example, there have been revolutions in the cinema industry since digital technologies which have resulted to high resolution of digitized images on the screen. This has made players in the industry to embrace the digital technologies as opposed to the traditional technology. Nonetheless, technological environment offer more positive factors to the theater industry as compared to negative factors. Lastly, concerning the environmental analysis, it was established that there was widespread complaints from customers concerning the environment from which they were subjected to view these movies. For example, it was affirmed by several customers that the environments were disorderly and some activities usually took place that acted as disruptions during move viewing. However, environmental factors still provides more positive factors for the theater industry as co mpared to negative attributed factors. Future Direction The movie theater industry is in future characterized by several developments that are likely to revolutionize the entire industry. Nonetheless, this revolution is likely to revolve around digital technology.Advertising We will write a custom case study sample on Macro-Environment Analysis of ‘A Horror Show at the Cinemaplex’ Using PESTE Approach specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The digital technology is likely to turn and revolutionize the movie theater industry by packaging these movie products into new digital media (Nelmes, 2001). For that matter, Movie Theater products are likely to expand and reach more potential clients than it is the case in the current times. Moreover, the future trends of the film industry is leading to an online showcasing where movie theater products will be marketed and exhibited using online technology. For instance, the technologi cal players’ are shaping the industry towards this direction. The best example is the YouTube technology which is an online service supported by Google. This technology enables viewing of movies and other films online. Therefore, it is evident that the future direction of the film industry is heading to online viewing which will enable film lovers to view their preferred film and film stars in any place irrespective of the geographical location. Internet technology will also turn out the film industry into a virtual film industry which is directly opposite to the current arrangement of the industry. The requirement that one needs to be in a certain physical location to entertain himself or herself from Movie Theater is likely to change due to amalgamation of internet technology. Consequently, due to faster development of internet technologies such as wireless devices and mobile technologies, several remote locations will be connected which were not covered with physical movie theaters (Kerr, 1986). As a result this is likely to increase the rate of people appreciating film industry as a resource for entertainment. Moreover, in respect to social aspects of the societies, there is a drastic shift in respect to social media and networks. The new and future pattern is the application of web 2.0 technologies which have been entrenched in diverse social networks (Pendakur, 1990). Therefore, the film and movie theater industry have no option but to appreciate this technologies and apply them in their operations.Advertising Looking for case study on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In addition, the traditional film technology had been characterized by large sizes and bulkiness. However, technology is now transforming this approach by coming up with ubiquitous gadgets. This is going to shape the future of the film industry. It can be proved from the use of potable ICT devices that are already in use today and therefore, film industry is likely to take the same route. In addition, the trend of the technological improvement is going towards avatars and seamless standards which will be capable to move from one platform to another. As a result, the auxiliary technology will go through enhancements to have a better and improved 3 dimension visualization. Moreover, this will also help in saving substantial amount of capital since transfer from one format to the next will be highly valued in the film industry. Furthermore, economics will influence the film industry in a number of ways. For instance, due to economic crisis that constantly affect the world, it is likely to have adverse effects on the film industry. Therefore, the industry is likely to face some scarcity of resources in the near future since recession and ever declining consumer purchasing power is also likely to have some adverse effects to the industry (Benshoff n Sean, 2004). References Benshoff, H. Sean, G. (2004) America on film. UK, Blackwell Publishing. Kerr, P. (1986) The Hollywood film industry: a reader. New York, Routledge Kegan Paul plc. Nelmes, J. (2001) An Introduction to film Studies. New York, Routledge. Pendakur, M. (1990) The Political Economy of the Canadian Film Industry. Canada, Wayne State University Press. Williams, T. Adrian, G. (1997) The Business Approach training. England, Gower Publishing Ltd. This case study on Macro-Environment Analysis of ‘A Horror Show at the Cinemaplex’ Using PESTE Approach was written and submitted by user Adelynn P. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here. Macro

Free Essays on Crime and Punishment

A highly used theme in the book crime and punishment is alienation. Raskolnikov alienates himself from society because he feels as if he is â€Å"superior† to others. He feels as if he doesn’t need to relate with others because of his superiority. After murdering Lizaveta and Alyona Ivanova, Raskolnikov isolates himself because he feels guilty. Raskolnikov sees himself as a being a superman, and is above all rules that govern society. Raskonikov probably thought he was extraordinary when he wrote the Ubermensch theory. Murdering Alyona, the pawnbroker led him to believe it was right and he gained his superiority through that. But he was unable to cover up his emotions of guilt. Many situations throughout the book proved this, such as when he was at the police station and the fresh paint smell led him to faint because it reminded him of the murders. According to Raskolnikov’s theory, he thought the reason he committed the crime was because he thought he as superior. After! committing the crime, he became ill, either the crime commited makes you become ill, or illness makes you commit the crime. Raskolnikov thought he was helping the society by his right to eliminate unneeded people. But he felt guilt from murdering Lizaveta out of fear. This was the guilt that led him to become ill. Raskolnikov did change the world, but nobody benefited from it. This proves that Raskolnikov is not a superior man, because he could not overcome his guilt. He could be superior, if repressed his feelings of guilt. Raskolniklov’s theory states there are tow types of people in the world, â€Å"ordinary† men and â€Å"extraordinary† men. â€Å"Ordinary† men have no right to reshape the laws because they are not superior, yet â€Å"extraordinary† men has the right because he is superior. Raskolnikov refers to Napoleon as being superior because he overcame many great obstacles to become superior. Raskolnikov did not become superior beca... Free Essays on Crime And Punishment Free Essays on Crime And Punishment Crime and Punishment - Suffering In the novel Crime and Punishment, by Fyodor Dostoevsky, suffering is an integral part of every character?s role. However, the message that Dostoevsky wants to present with the main character, Raskolnikov, is not one of the Christian idea of salvation through suffering. Rather, it appears to me, as if the author never lets his main character suffer mentally throughout the novel, in relation to the crime, that is. His only pain seems to be physical sicknes. Raskolnikov commits a premeditated murder in a state of delirium. He ends up committing a second murder, which he never ever wanted to be responsible for. He kills Lizaveta, an exceedingly innocent person. But does the author ever remind us of the murder at any time in the novel again? Not in the physical sense of the crime itself. The reader doesn?t hear about how heavily the murders are weighing on his heart, or how he is tormented by visions of the crime. He doesn?t feel the least bit guilty about having committed the crime, only his pride?s hurt. He doesn?t mention the idea of the pain that might arise from recurrent visions of the crime. Raskolnikov never again recalls the massive amounts of blood everywhere, the look on Lizaveta?s face when he brings down the axe on her head. These things clearly show that the crime isn?t what might cause him suffering, or pain, it is something else. After Raskolnikov is sent off to Siberia, he doesn?t feel remorseful. His feelings haven?t changed about his crime, he feels bad at not being able to living up to his own ideas of greatness. He grows depressed only when he learns of his mother?s death. Raskolnikov still hasn?t found any reason to feel remorse for his crimes. He takes Siberia as his punishment, because of how annoying it is to go through all these formalities, and ridicularities that it entails. Yet, he actually feels more comfortable in Siberia than in his home in St. Petersburg. It?s more... Free Essays on Crime and Punishment A highly used theme in the book crime and punishment is alienation. Raskolnikov alienates himself from society because he feels as if he is â€Å"superior† to others. He feels as if he doesn’t need to relate with others because of his superiority. After murdering Lizaveta and Alyona Ivanova, Raskolnikov isolates himself because he feels guilty. Raskolnikov sees himself as a being a superman, and is above all rules that govern society. Raskonikov probably thought he was extraordinary when he wrote the Ubermensch theory. Murdering Alyona, the pawnbroker led him to believe it was right and he gained his superiority through that. But he was unable to cover up his emotions of guilt. Many situations throughout the book proved this, such as when he was at the police station and the fresh paint smell led him to faint because it reminded him of the murders. According to Raskolnikov’s theory, he thought the reason he committed the crime was because he thought he as superior. After! committing the crime, he became ill, either the crime commited makes you become ill, or illness makes you commit the crime. Raskolnikov thought he was helping the society by his right to eliminate unneeded people. But he felt guilt from murdering Lizaveta out of fear. This was the guilt that led him to become ill. Raskolnikov did change the world, but nobody benefited from it. This proves that Raskolnikov is not a superior man, because he could not overcome his guilt. He could be superior, if repressed his feelings of guilt. Raskolniklov’s theory states there are tow types of people in the world, â€Å"ordinary† men and â€Å"extraordinary† men. â€Å"Ordinary† men have no right to reshape the laws because they are not superior, yet â€Å"extraordinary† men has the right because he is superior. Raskolnikov refers to Napoleon as being superior because he overcame many great obstacles to become superior. Raskolnikov did not become superior beca... Free Essays on Crime And Punishment â€Å"But if such a one is forced for the sake of his idea to step over a corpse or wade through blood, he can, I maintain, find himself, in his conscience, a sanction for wading through blood†¦Ã¢â‚¬  With these words, Dostoevsky, author of Crime and Punishment, gives the reader a clear look at the type of ideas which fill the mind of his main character. Raskolnikov, the protagonist, sums up his overtaking beliefs in this quote that he derives from Nietzsche’s philosophy. Dostoevsky develops Raskolnikov as being completely engulfed by a theory which believes that â€Å"the rearing of a human species higher and stronger than that which surrounds us, even if this could only be achieved by the sacrifice of masses of such men as we know, would be a great, a real progress.† Raskolniknov believes he is part of this superior race and his feelings of supremacy isolate him from others in society, even his family. Raskolnikov is an individual alienated from society wh o justifies his vain actions by a superhuman theory. Through background information, the author explains to his audience that Raskolnikov is a student at the university in St. Petersburg but drops out because he becomes mentally overwhelmed by his contemplations of murder. Through use of an article Raskolnikov writes in the newspaper, the antagonist of the story becomes aware of Raskolnikov’s justifications. Dostoevsky uses an argument between protagonist and antagonist to unveil Raskolnikov’s philosophy. In this altercation, Raskolnikov says, â€Å"†¦Solon, Mahomet, Napoleon, and so on†¦these benefactors and leaders of humanity were guilty of terrible carnage. I maintain that all great men or even men a little out of the common, capable of giving a new word, must from their very nature be criminals.† With these thoughts, Dostoevsky reveals Raskolnikov’s true preoccupations with Nietzsche’s philosophy. He develops the argument further to include the impact of the phi... Free Essays on Crime and Punishment Crime and Punishment Symbols from the text: The symbol of the cross is prominent in the novel, and represents the burden of suffering that Raskolnikov, as well as the other virtuous characters in the novel, must bear. This suffering can be seen as sharing the common grief of humanity and giving of oneself to others, and thus furthering life. Characters such as Luzhin, the old pawnbroker and Svidrigailov, who live selfishly and so reject this burden, remain impure, and in Svidrigailov's case especially, spiritually sick and depraved. In fact, Svidrigailov embodies evil, the side of Raskolnikov that rationalizes murder and resists turning himself in. By contrast, Sonia embodies love, the half of Raskolnikov's nature that unhesitatingly gives all he has for a poor man's funeral or risks his life to save two children. The ax, which Raskolnikov uses to commit the murders, symbolizes the two halves of Raskolnikov's nature. These opposing sides are in conflict throughout the novel and are reflected in his two victims, the old pawnbroker and Lizaveta. He uses the blunt side to murder the old woman and the sharp edge to kill Lizaveta, symbolizing that he has killed himself in the act as well. The Haymarket, or city square, can be seen as representing the common people or humanity. When he wanders through this area in the throes of his illness, Raskolnikov can blend easily into the crowd, signifying that he is not the extraordinary man of his theories. And when he goes to turn himself in, he obeys Sonia's instructions to go into the square and bow to the earth, asking it for forgiveness. In instructing him to do so, Sonia returns him to humanity and to life. It is interesting to note as well that when Raskolnikov takes Sonia's cross, it is the Cypress one, which he remarks stands for the common people. By committing murder, he has set himself above common morality and now must return. There is also an apparent tension between reason or i... Free Essays on Crime And Punishment Sacrifice is important to an individual’s well being. It is intertwined with ones sense of right and wrong, as sacrifice is usually letting go of something important in order to do what is right. Sacrifice literally means to sell or give away at a loss. In Crime and Punishment, many characters gave something away that left them at a loss but also may have helped them in the long run. Sacrifice is shown as a necessity through the characters of Raskolnikov, Sonia, and Svidrigailov. Raskolnikov sacrificed many parts of his life in order to be rehabilitated. As a test to his extraordinary man theory, in the beginning of the novel Raskolnikov murdered the pawnbroker as a sacrifice to improve society because the world would be better without the â€Å"old hag† (pg. 407). As he explained to Sonia, he believed that he killed himself and the devil killed the old hag, as she had deserved. This shows that he sacrificed his own life to murder the pawnbroker, which at the time he felt was the right thing to do. As his condition worsened Raskolnikov felt that it was suitable to disconnect himself with his mother who loved him so dearly, in order to give her peace of mind. This sacrifice helped Pulcheria because she would have worried far too much if she had known what was happening to Raskolnikov and the crime that he commited. Lastly at the end of the novel, Raskolnikov was forced to sacrifice his freedom in order to rehabilitate himself in Siberia and have a c hance to live without suffering when he gets out. The only way for this rehabilitation was confession as Porfiry had explained to him; therefore his confession was imminent and provided Raskolnikov with the only possible solution rather than killing himself. Without the help of Sonia, Raskolnikov may not have confessed and sacrificed his freedom, but he also may not have survived. Sonia is a very sacrificial character as she represents many things to Raskolnikov and to her family. T... Free Essays on Crime And Punishment Crime and Punishment The tone of the scene in Crime and Punishment was violent and at the same time also calm and sensual. Rashkolnikov’s eagerness to take away life has transformed him into a careless mad man who resorted to any measures to get what he wants. The description of each action demonstrates Rashkolnikov’s awareness of his surroundings and proves that he is sane and understands all of his choices. The diction of this passage conveys mental madness, â€Å"†¦Am I going out of my mind†¦Ã¢â‚¬  because of having read the letter from his mom and sister about their sacrifices for his education has driven him to find any means to prove himself. Rashkolnikov is an educator and has lost his self worth and feels powerless, â€Å"he froze, †¦ still as death† with his actions he feels each ounce of gained mental and physical power. Before Rashkolnikov had no control of his life or what was in stored for the future, he would have money and the next broke again. His mother and sister have already made decisions in order to help his with his future and feels like he has given nothing in return. The love he has for his family has caused him to commit murder and â€Å"unexpected murder†, Rashkolnikov continued his rampage and refused to be caught. His sensuality has defined himself as a person who cares for others â€Å" †¦thin, light, gray-streaked hair... † and takes time to describe the victim’s features. A cold-blooded killer would not take the time to describe his actions because those facts aren’t in a killer mind at all. The fear that Rashkolnikov felt was shame and embarrassment but he felt he was doing the right thing and he had to make sureâ€Å"†¦Struck once more†¦Ã¢â‚¬  that everything was final. His sense of failure has taking over his mind and has made killing Aliona and her sister Lizaveta justified. Rashkolnikov’s interpretations of what he is doing displays a mental consideration for each dead body, he examines the v...

The Role of Sound and Music in Modern Cinema Essay

The Role of Sound and Music in Modern Cinema - Essay Example This paper discrubes the most important effect the advent of sound had on screenplays was that screenwriters were now able to use dialogue and give their characters a voice. To make a conclusion a distinction can only be made regarding a director's specific stylistic and aesthetic choices within the respective crafts. And as the development of sound over the decades has shown, the advent of new technologies, film theory and criticism, audiences and genre expectations, studio interests, marketing issues, casting, social movements, trends and fashions can all influence a director's reasoning behind the individual design of a soundtrack. By exploring the historical development of sound in the movies, from a pianist visualising galloping horses to its first appearance in The Jazz Singer in 1927, to the masterfully executed dance scene in Godard's Band a parte, to Tarantino's post-modern usage of popular song, it is clear that sound has developed into the equal partner of cinematography as the director's main storytelling tool. Pioneered over the decades by such versatile directors like Renoir, Godard, Hitchcock, Leone and Coppola, sound design and score have given characters a voice, locations an atmosphere, the narrative an unifying force and resulted in audiences not only being able to enjoy spell-bounding visuals, but also to appreciate a film with all its emotional, subconscious, realistic or surrealistic audio-aesthetic facets. To conclude, sound design and score can't be read as unrelated entities in a films' soundtrack. Throughout the history of cinema, filmmakers have discovered that sound design and film music are equally effective story telling tools.... The following examples show how sound has been used as a versatile and powerful storytelling tools in the movies. Sound can: set up the mood for a film: The opening scene of Le Mepris where shots of Brigitte Bardot's naked body are accompanied by a melancholic score that indicates that tragedy is looming. reflect a film's theme: The 'duelling banjo' scene in Deliverance, where a hillbilly boy outplays a city-slicker, supports the film's theme of socio-cultural differences between rural and urban America. be used as an editing tool to create rhythm: The sex scene in Delicatessen where all activities in an apartment building rhythmically adapt to the sound of coil springs under a couple's bed. create suspense: The aggressive string motif in Jaws indicates a shark attack is imminent. reflect a character: The light-hearted flute melody that introduces free-spirit Nobody at the beginning of My Name Is Nobody. place a film in a specific cultural and historical setting: Ska, Northern Soul a nd 1980's pop songs make up the soundtrack of This Is England (2006) that is set in the English Skinhead scene of 1983. It has to be noted that aforementioned films are examples of how sound design and film music (meaning both a score that is specifically composed for a film as well as published music) are used as a storytelling tool. Indeed, it is hard to identify just one film that doesn't use sound design and music on its soundtrack. Hence, my argument in the following essay will be that sound design and film music don't exist separately but make up a movie's aural landscape together, as they are both powerful audio storytelling tools in their own right. Furthermore, I will analyse the motivations behind individual directors' different approaches towards