Racial Awareness And Racism And Stereotypes - 1529 Words

Educators typically want students to become citizens who can successfully interact with a diverse world. But, how can we educate students in a way that can inspire them to accept and understand a range of people and cultures as well as counter racism and stereotypes? It all begins with the educators themselves having an open mind about different races, as they should act as models to the students. I believe that if teachers educate and enlighten their students about race and cultures, it would lower the chances of racism. Racial awareness is key in the early years of education as it allows students to develop more knowledge, therefore preventing racism and stereotypes. Instructors can model racial awareness to their students by†¦show more content†¦They focused on the racialized responses of both White teachers and teachers of color to anti-bias or anti-racist in service teacher trainings in both districts. Researchers had asked the teachers the following questions â€Å"(1 ) what messages about the nature of race and racism did teachers take from the trainings, (2) what structural limitations do these messages reflect, and (3) how does Harris’ (1993) concept of Whiteness as property illuminate the relationship between the individuals and the structure, between equality and equity?† (Vaught, 2008, p. 95). After the different questions were asked, researchers found that â€Å"data indicated that the messages teachers took and also created from the trainings were grouped under three interconnected themes: White privilege, individualism, and cultural awareness.† (Vaught, 2008, p.95). The racial attitudes expressed by teachers in this study were illustrative of larger structural racism that both informs and is reinforced by these attitudes in their practice. I think that this research was effective because the only way students are not informed and educated about racism, is if the teacher themselves are not informed or educated themselv es, or if they believe that the issue of racism is not important enough for their class. Another article that IShow MoreRelatedRacial And Ethnic Tensions That Can Affect Our Society1392 Words   |  6 Pagesdiscriminate or stereotype other individuals of a particular race, gender, age, or ethnicity? Because we live in world that is rapidly growing and becoming more diverse than ever, it is critical that we gain the knowledge and understanding of other cultures values, worldviews, and way of communication. In this lecture, we will address the racial and ethnic tensions that exist in our school. In addition, there will be a short play demonstrating issues involving discrimination and stereotype. At the endRead MoreRacial Discrimination : An American Civil Rights Activist942 Words   |  4 Pagesan American civil rights activist talked about racial discrimination in America today and said â€Å"As I often say, we have come a long way from the days of slavery, but in 2014, discrimination and inequality still saturates our society in modern ways. Though racism may be less blatant now in many cases, its existence is undeniable.† (Al Sharpton. BrainyQuote.com) Racial discrimination is a pessimistic reality that affects everyone in our society. Racism has destroyed and ended many lives but continuesRead MoreRacial Stereotypes And Racial Inequality1657 Words   |  7 PagesI. Introduction To this day there are still many unresolved issues of racial stereotypes and racial inequality throughout the United States. And it is undeniably seen that the world today embraces multi-cultural and sexual orientation, yet there is still an unsupportable intolerance towards ethnicities and difference. The biggest issue in the world today is the struggle for African Americans to end racial stereotypes that they have inherited from their past, and to bridge the gap between acceptanceRead MoreRacism and Stereotypes in the Movie Crash693 Words   |  3 PagesCrash is a movie about race and stereotypes and its effects on the various people living in the Los Angeles area. The movie boost racial awareness and it requires close observation from the viewer. We see a variety of races including African American men and women, several Hispanics, a Middle Eastern family, and a few Asians. We see the ups and downs of each character and it helps us see where they are coming from, and potentially why they are racist against different people. It seems that we almostRead MoreRacial Segregation And Popular Culture1676 Words   |  7 Pagesand disturbing portrayals of members in a racial group contribute to the justification of unequal treatment in various systems that impact people in the society negatively. Racial biases exist unconsciously in our attitudes. This leads to actions that are negatively interpreted in our cultures and diffuse in the media, which in turn, form prejudice and discrimination that structure systems to target minority groups. The two most frequent racial stereotypes in cultural and social agendas are popularRead MoreRacism And The Australian Human Rights Commission1626 Words   |  7 PagesRacism, wherever it occurs, has damaging effects. It can be defined as the belief that all members of each race possess characteristics or abilities, especially so as to distinguish it as inferior or superior to another race (Oxford dictionary). It can occur on indi vidual, internal,or institutional levels, and it can be either subtle or obvious (Jones,2000). Research confirms that racism is still prevalent in today’s society, in 2013 the Australian Human Rights Commission received a 59 per cent increaseRead MoreRacism And Racism In Society1702 Words   |  7 Pagesexist. It is all over our country. Racism is left in the open anymore, but people still have racist thoughts against people that live in America. Racism was not a big problem during the 1940s, when people were racist against the people around them. But now, things have gotten much better. The community, town government is trying to stop such racial problems. Racial problems and judgements not really exist in our community openly, but some remains of racial problems still remain in communitiesRead MoreRace From A Historical Perspective Within The Context Of Australia1733 Words   |  7 PagesRacism has been the ugly underbelly of Australian sport for over a century (Huma n Rights, 2007). According to Szoke (2012), ultimately, racism is a denial of human relationship (Szoke, 2012). There are many ways in which race and skin colour has been â€Å"marked† in sport in Australia. This essay will look at the many ways in sport in which race and skin colour has been represented to society. This essay will begin to look at race from a historical perspective within the context of Australia. It willRead MoreImproving Awareness Of The Indigenous Peoples And Cultures1478 Words   |  6 Pagesand schools are important contexts for shaping social norms (World Health Organization, 2003, p.3.6). This makes schools a primary setting for addressing the issue of discrimination and enforcing prevention strategies. The importance of improving awareness of the Indigenous peoples and cultures are recognised in the Australian Professional Standards for Teachers (AITSL, 2012), which state that teachers need to be able to understand and respect Indigenous peoples to promote reconciliation between IndigenousRead MoreNative Indian Culture : Color Blind Racism880 Words   |  4 PagesAnother form of racism placed onto Native Indian people is color-blind racism. This form of racism rationalizes â€Å"racial inequality as the outcome of nonracial dynamics† (Robertson 120). Color-blind racism takes the standards created by the dominant discourse and applies them to all ethnic groups, putting them on an even level plain field without recognizing historical or social context of each group. Therefore, according to color blind racism, the effects of casualties and stereotypical of Native

Persuasive Essay The Golden Door - 775 Words

The â€Å"Golden Door† In the late 1800s, millions of immigrants arrived in the United States for various reasons. Some sought for religious freedom, others looked for job opportunities to support their families. They came with great hopes, hoping that they would eventually become wealthy and their future generations didn’t have to suffer like them. However, when they arrived in the country, they often faced many hardships such as language problems and poverty. They were also prejudiced by the nativists. According to them, immigrants would take their jobs away and harm the society. As a result, it led to national wide debates about whether the U.S. â€Å"golden door† should remain open or limit future immigration. In fact, various evidence pointed†¦show more content†¦It also allowed people to interact with other cultures, traditions. On the other hand, some people would argue that the U.S should limit immigration because the immigrants were taking jobs away from the Americans. This point of view made sense because there were millions of immigrants coming to the United State, competing for jobs. Most of them were willing to work with low pays, lower than the desired salaries of the native-born Americans. And this was what the business owners wanted. Since then, factories started to hire more and more immigrants. It led to the complaints of the nativists, fearing that they would harm the society. However, these immigrants were only trying their best to achieve the American Dreams, through their blood, sweat, and tears. An example was from William I. Thomas and Florian Znaniecki’s book â€Å"The Polish Peasant in Europe and America, volume 1.† According to it, August Gar wrote to his parents in Poland, â€Å" I worked today but I do not know if I will live through tomorrow... I make 8 dollars a week, but I have to pay 3 1/2 dollars a week for room and board and you know how much I have left.† It suggested the challenges that the immigrants faced while working inShow MoreRelatedThe And Its Unhelpful Contributions Towards Society2112 Words   |  9 PagesNational 5: Persuasive Essay Meninism and its Unhelpful Contributions towards Society A few months ago, on Twitter, a ‘parody’ account under the name of @MeninistTweet began mocking feminists by tweeting about ‘men’s rights’. This account quickly evolved into what many believed was a legitimate movement in fighting for men’s rights. Something that began as ‘obviously sarcasm’ (as stated in their bio) has spiralled into an absurd number of people believing that men are being oppressed by women,Read More The Themes in Oedipus Rex Essay2792 Words   |  12 PagesThe Themes in Oedipus Rex  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚   Sophocles’ tragedy, Oedipus Rex, contains one main theme, which this essay will consider. The theme is the general doctrine or belief implicit in the drama, which the author seeks to make persuasive to the reader (Abrams 170).    In â€Å"Sophocles’ Moral Themes† Robert D. Murray Jr. cites a critic who is strictly moralist in the interpretation of the theme of Oedipus Rex:    Let C. M. Bowra speak for the moralists:    The central idea ofRead MoreInstructive Text Types11631 Words   |  47 Pagesclassification helps to establish specific correlations between purpose and extra-linguistic context. The third chapter represent the directive instructive text type; here we have legal texts, statutory instructions, practical instructions, persuasive texts, and the last one being classified in commercial advertisements, political texts, religious and ethical appeal. I focus on these texts because I find them appropriate to daily routine, where the rules make our lives and we followRead MoreHumanities11870 Words   |  48 PagesINTRODUCTION This module provides an overview on the subject of art appreciation for those entirely new to the subject. This is a complex topic to deal with and it is impossible to have a truly comprehensive discussion on the topic in such a brief essay. The student is advised to consult more advanced texts to gain further understanding of how to appreciate art more fully. HUMANITIES: What is it? †¢ The term Humanities comes from the Latin word, â€Å"humanitas† †¢ It generally refers to art, literatureRead MoreTest Bank Communication Essay14167 Words   |  57 Pagesyour message a warm, personal touch. True False 18. You must get approval from the office manager before you may submit any expenses for reimbursement. This statement is very effective in communicating the you-attitude. True False 19. The essay should also include a discussion of the economic impact of your decision. This statement uses an impersonal expression to convey the you-attitude. True False 20. You will be happy to hear that the company will expand its operations overseas nextRead MoreThe taste of melon by borden deal11847 Words   |  48 Pageshis. Though it was so near, I had never been in his yard before. I felt my legs trembling as I went up the brick walk and stood at the bottom of the steps, the paper sack in my hand. I knocked on the porch floor, and Willadean came to the screen door. I did not look at her. â€Å"I want to talk to your father.† She stared at me for a moment, then she disappeared. In a moment Mr. Wills appeared in the doorway. His face was marked by the night, his cheeks sunken, his mouth bitten in. He stared atRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 PagesPHILADELPHIA Temple University Press 1601 North Broad Street Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19122 www.temple.edu/tempress Copyright  © 2010 by Temple University All rights reserved Published 2010 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Essays on twentieth century history / edited by Michael Peter Adas for the American Historical Association. p. cm.—(Critical perspectives on the past) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 978-1-4399-0269-1 (cloth : alk. paper)—ISBN 978-1-4399-0270-7Read MorePropaganda by Edward L Bernays34079 Words   |  137 Pagesreached by the printed word, and the methods of appeal. The growth of newspapers and magazines having a 63 Propaganda circulation of millions of copies, and the art of the modern advertising expert in making the printed message attractive and persuasive, have placed the business man in a personal relation with a vast and diversified public. Another modern phenomenon, which influences the general policy of big business, is the new competition between certain firms and the remainder of the industryRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesCommunication 341 †¢ Nonverbal Communication 341 Organizational Communication 342 Formal Small-Group Networks 343 †¢ The Grapevine 343 †¢ Electronic Communications 345 †¢ Managing Information 349 Choice of Communication Channel 350 xiv CONTENTS Persuasive Communications 351 Automatic and Controlled Processing 351 †¢ Interest Level 352 †¢ Prior Knowledge 352 †¢ Personality 352 †¢ Message Characteristics 352 Barriers to Effective Communication 353 Filtering 353 †¢ Selective Perception 353 †¢ InformationRead MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagespumps due to an OPEC-led fuel crisis, economists predicted that oil would sell for $100 a barrel in the United States by 1980. Most notorious of all, of course, was the prediction by the United States patent office in 1896 that it would soon close its doors since â€Å"everything that can be invented has been invented.† Warren Bennis, a colleague of ours, half-jokingly predicted that the factory of the future would have only two employees, a person and a dog. The person would be there to feed the dog. The

Communication Evolution Trump Tech Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Communication Evolution Trump Tech. Answer: Literature Review The elections this time in United States unlike the previous elections, as the candidates directly represented the status quo of the two parties they belonged form, Democrat and Republicans. The election was more about the personality and approach of the two candidates, rather than their party ideology (Lilleker et al. 2016). Donald Trump took a very ingenious approach in presenting himself as an outsider in politics and someone who was a perfect representative of the American dream. He is an established business personality, and property honcho, however he had no substantial experience in the field of politics (Williams 2017). Trump had from the very beginning shaped his personality to the voters as a person who is strictly right wing and he included a no compromise policy against the immigrants (Norpoth 2016). A lot of political experts dubbed his approach as being pro white and viewing the Asian and African people as outsiders. This made a lot of people doubt the victory of Trump into office as a substantial amount of votes come from the Asians and Afro Americans. However, the media campaign that Trump took was different and unconventional (Davis 2016). Trump focused on unlikely voters who rarely has been participants of the primaries, which elects the Presidential nominates, and Trump successfully managed to win the primaries. The low propensity voters strategy worked out well (Montanaro 2016). The data analysts and the campaign designers launched one of the most unusual campaigns that had been ever been conducted. A data operation to predict the campaign outcomes had been designed inside the Trump towers known as the Trump Tech. There were contracts set up with Nation builder a platform that has been designed digitally to establish contact with the volunteers, workers and supporters. There have been various controversies during the political campaign that was taken up by Donald Trump, one of which was Gender issues. According to Wang et al. (2016) both Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump used woman card in their political campaign to win the votes of the women. However, some comments made by Donald Trump helped the media against him to portray him as anti-women. Apart from that the media took up the case of Russian hand in US election to establish that Trump has been getting outside support in the elections, and his election as a President can hamper national security (Lichtblau and Myers 2016). As reported by BBC US intelligence agencies have concluded Moscow tried to sway the presidential election in favor of Mr. Trump. It is alleged that Russian hackers stole information linked to the campaign of his rival Hillary Clinton and passed it to WikiLeaks so it could be released to undermine her. Congressional committees were set up to investigate the matter and, in Mar ch, then-FBI director James Comey confirmed the bureau had its own inquiry. However, the clever election campaign adopted by the Trump camp was effective enough to remove the obstacles and hurdles posed by the media and successfully win the elections. In terms of the media of United States, it was initially seen that most of the big media houses were against the Trump campaign. Huffington Post, The New York Times and CNN were some of the news agencies that continuously reported against Donald Trump, to which Trump decided to give direct rebuttals (Azari 2016). The media got divided into pro Trump and anti-Trump Camps (Pickard 2017). Trump even popularized the term Fake News to contradict the US media campaign against him. The word was popularized soon enough and got enlisted as the word of the year (Hirst 2017). Trump has been closely followed by the media and his tweets and Facebook posts during the election campaign has been given a detailed coverage. There was a typing error that was posted from Donald Trumps twitter account which was later included in many online dictionaries. This more than required coverage on Trump actually helped him in the process. Trump did not appear to be a figure who would compromise on his stance. He portrayed himself as someone who is fixed on his plans to build a wall to keep ways illegal immigrants from Mexico and to deport the existing illegal immigrants from the country (Lakoff 2016). America had recently seen some violent terrorist attacks and many crimes committed by illegal immigrants had affected the citizens of the country to a large extent. Trumps political campaign had taken all these factors into consideration and the campaigners wisely penetrated the minds of the people (Francia 2017). Content Analysis The various strategies taken by the political campaigners of Trump had affectively managed to influence the mind of the audience. The media campaign was designed intelligently and in a sequential method. In the required phase the primaries were targeted, and the most unusual voters in this category were influenced to vote in favor of Trump. This had helped in ensuring the candidature of Trump. The media campaigners successfully detected what are the issues which had angered the public in the 8 year long Obama tenure. Unemployment, crime rates, terrorist activities and illegal activities of the immigrants were topping the list. Trump systematically imbibed these into his political campaign and displayed a no compromise policy against all of these issues. This had successfully initiated the process of bringing many disenchanted Obama supporters to his side as well. The data center of Trump was one of the highest tech data centers used in any political election ever by any party. This g ave the campaigners a real time understanding of the moods of people and the political trends of the country. These are some of the ways in which a political campaign was used to influence voting during the 2016 United States Presidential election. References: Azari, J.R., 2016. How the news media helped to nominate Trump.Political Communication,33(4), pp.677-680. Davis, A., 2016. How Trump Won: Why Hillary Clinton Lost and What the Democrats Can Learn from the Shocking 2016 Election.Amazon Digital Services LLC, NY, USA. Francia, P.L., 2017. Free media and Twitter in the 2016 presidential election: The unconventional campaign of Donald Trump.Social Science Computer Review, p.0894439317730302. Hirst, M., 2017. Towards a political economy of fake news.The Political Economy of Communication,5(2). Lakoff, G., 2016. Why Trump?.Huffington Post blog, March,3. Lichtblau, E. and Myers, S.L., 2016. Investigating Donald Trump, FBI Sees No Clear Link to Russia.New York Times. Lilleker, D., Jackson, D., Thorsen, E. and Veneti, A., 2016. US Election Analysis 2016: Media, Voters and the Campaign. Montanaro, D., 2016. 7 Reasons Donald Trump Won the Presidential Election.NPR. org. November,12. Norpoth, H., 2016. Primary model predicts Trump victory.USA TODAY,7, p.16. Pickard, V., 2017. Media failures in the age of Trump.The Political Economy of Communication,4(2). Wang, Y., Feng, Y., Luo, J. and Zhang, X., 2016, December. Pricing the woman card: Gender politics between Hillary Clinton and Donald Trump. InBig Data (Big Data), 2016 IEEE International Conference on(pp. 2541-2544). IEEE. Williams, C.B., 2017. Introduction: Social media, political marketing and the 2016 US election.

What are the main differences between Sikhism and Jainism Essay Example

What are the main differences between Sikhism and Jainism Paper Jainism is a religion of severity. Its goal is passionless detachment, reached only through the most severe and disciplined lifestyles, culminating in death by voluntary self-starvation. The aim is to achieve the goal solely by self-effort without the help of God or gods; Although these self-imposed austerities often include benefit for others. Jains have long been active in promoting public welfare. They are known especially for their endowment of schools and hospitals for people and animals. Ahimsa meaning non-violence is the basis of Jainism. Sikhism based on a loving and ever-present God experience in the here and now is much less concerned with other worldliness. The stress is on this life, this existence and achievement of a state of physical/spiritual equipoise through constant engagement in the Divine Being (Naam). The Sikh religion is perceived as possessing two basic features, one being a mystical aspect the other more aggressive, military and world affirming. Jains constitute what is the only major religion in the world that is unconditionally vegetarian. The Sikh book of Laws, the Rehat Meryada only rejects the eating of meat which is halal-or kosher. We will write a custom essay sample on What are the main differences between Sikhism and Jainism specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on What are the main differences between Sikhism and Jainism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on What are the main differences between Sikhism and Jainism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The focal point of worship is different between the two religions. Jainisms rejection of God does not entail rejection of prayer and worship-contemplation. Jains contemplate on images of Lord Mahavir (meaning Great Hero) or other Jainas- (previous Tirathankaras). The Sikhs pray on the teachings of their eternal guru, the living guru, Guru Granth Sahib and their ten masters before. This is not worshipped as a holy book It is the knowledge therein that the Sikh adopts into his way of life. Ultimately for a Sikh, God id the profound realisation based on mature reflection of saints and prophets regardless of their religion, caste, class or status in human society. Jains do not believe in a creator God you are the controller of your destiny as in the laws of physics. The meditative focus of the Jains is on the inner light or the Tirathankaras (ones who reached salvation). They believe in energy having its own intelligence the theory of evolution. In Jainism there is no concept of a holy book. It was only introduced when the British courts of Law in their time in India, required one for oath taking procedures. It was at this time that the Kalpasutra containing a biography of Lord Mahavira written by a monk called Bhadrabahu, after the demise of Mahavira. This is one of 45 books of his writings on logic, universe, code of conduct etc. Mahavira and the other unorthodox teachers of his age were primarily interested in seeking liberation from the wheel of rebirths. Sikhs believe in there being a God without parallel and meditate on the One who is the Absolute Truth a formless God. Sikhism promotes belief in the Grace of God. They believe that God may forgive and pardon humans for their sins and wrongs Sikhs believe in a loving God. Jains talk about forgiveness without involving God in it. Sikhism is theistic (believe in God) and Jainism is atheistic (dont believe in Gods existence). Jains observe fasting during the festival of Paryushan/ Samtsari. Sikhism does not sanction any kind of fasting. Explain the main beliefs/ teachings of Jainism, comparing where appropriate, with the teachings of Sikhism (own faith) Jainism is a non-Vedic Indian religion (they do not believe in the teachings of the Vedas). The Vedic religions accept the authority of the Vedas and Vedic literature (Hinduism). Whereas Jainism accepts the authority of its own Agamas and Agamas literature- Holy Scriptures, Jainism completely rejects the notion of a creator God, an external entity. Jainism is a representation f the Sramanic culture. Jainism is humanistic in its approach and spiritualistic in its depth. Religious fervour and moral earnestness are closely associated and subscribe to the view Religion if taken seriously and rationally will be deeply moral, but it is not morality. Sikhism is a whole life socio-political religion. Its aim is to uplift the personal lives of individuals to a higher social and spiritual levels. Sikhism believes in the Oneness of God, a formless God and teaches against idol worship in any form. Jainism promotes belief in worship of a living god as Mahavir and other Tirathankaras, though they do not idolise these saintly figures. Jains worship the idea of attaining a god-like status within themselves. Jains do not believe that the universe has been created by a super-being and adopt belief in the scientific theory of the Big-Bang, laws of physics energy having its own intelligence- theory of evolution. There are similarities like setting aside a portion of ones earnings towards charity and welfare of the creation and faith. Sikhism places great importance on the underlying spirit (dharam) of religion, which is the recognition and dedicated pursuance of ones duty in life. Jainism is close to this ideal although it is much more prescriptive. Jainism occupies itself with a religious outlook: 1 The nature of the self 2 The goal of human pursuance 3 The doctrine of karma 4 The meaning of spiritual awakening 5 The incentives to a spiritual life 6 The performance of spiritual exercises such as control of five senses. The Sikh way of life relies on truthful conduct and a short formal code of discipline- Rehat Meryada, based on some basic injunctions issued by the Tenth guru, Guru Gobind Singh. The Sikhs seek daily guidance from the Word Guru, the eternal Guru, Guru Granth Sahib and the teachings therein. Sikhism believes in the existence of one Omnipotent reality called Waheguru. Jainism does not promote belief in a creator, they worship the idea of attaining god-like status within themselves. The Jain mysticism turns around two concepts Self ( atmaan) and higher Self (Paramatmaan). Each soul is a potential god i.e. Paramatmaan. As soon as the karmic limitations are removed the self realises its real nature and a state of pure perfection. Now the various innate capacities of the soul find their full expression and the soul exhibits its potential divinity. Mahavira is the figure behind Jainism-believed to be the 24 Tirathankar-Ford maker in the current era of cosmic decline. He found salvation and became a completed soul, Kevalin and conqueror Jina. The name Jain is derived from Jina.Mahavir taught for 30 years before passing away at Pava,near Patna in Bihar. Mahavir was much more of a rationalist than the Brahaminists He rejected revelation and based his religious scheme on logic and experience. He accepted the somewhat pessimistic view of the human situation and was concerned for release. As he saw the situation, the human soul was enmeshed in matter and could only gain liberation through losing its accumulation of actions and their consequences. At the heart of the Sikh religion lies the idea of the guru. God is perceived to be the true Guru-his divine and creative Word(Shabad) came to mankind in a distinctive way through ten historical figures each of whom was called a guru. God is one, the ultimate and eternal guru(satguru) who provides enlightenment and understanding for the disciple, by his own Grace. In is transcendent state he is beyond description. Gods grace enables sincere devotees to experience Him through worship and meditation. In its origin the sikh religion possesses a strong mystical and devotional basis. For Jains the Three Jewels to attain salvation are * Right knowledge * Right faith * Right conduct Right knowledge comes through the Jain creed, Right faith through believing in it and Right conduct through following it. The first two are worthless without the last so Jain monks and nuns, laymen and laywomen take vows of right conduct, the most important and all embracing of which is non-violence. For the sikh way of life,the founder of Sikhism taught the practice of truthful living * Kirt karo earn your living by honest means * Naam Jap meditate on the Oneness of God, One Absolute Truth * Vand shakna share your earnings with the needy. A3: Discuss the main beliefs on Jainism comparing them with the fundamental beliefs of Sikhism. (includes main vows) The four classes recognised by Jains are different to the quadruple division of society of the Vedic religion. The basis of division of classes in Jainism not birth but conduct. The divisions are known as 1. Sramanas monks ) homeless mendicants 2. Sramanis nuns ) 3. Sravakas laymen ) householders 4. Sravikas laywomen ) Jainism gives full freedom to all human beings to observe the vows. It provides equal opportunity to all persons to practice self discipline according to their capacity. The observers of vows are divided into two broad categories-ascetics and lay people. The ascetic observes great vows Mahavratas since he/she ceases completely from violence. The lay votary practices small vows Anuvratas in as much he/she desists partially from violence etc. Hence the ascetic vows are complete or great whereas the lay-votarys vows are partial or small. E.g. The lay votary is forbidden to commit gross violence i.e. destruction of higher forms of life those with more than one sense organ But the ascetic is prohibited to commit subtle violence also i.e. taking of lower forms of life beings with one sense organ. The five great vows for an ascetic are in the form of non-violence, non-truthfulness, non-stealing, celibacy, and non-possessiveness. An ascetic is also enjoined to practice the sixth vow of abstention from taking food and drink after sunset. The ascetic is also forbidden to commit any sin i.e. violence etc in any form. He is enjoined upon to refrain from all the sinful activities subtle and gross, physical, vocal, and mental. He neither commits a sin himself nor causes others to commit it; nor approves of its committal by others. The Jains accept the Hindu idea and beliefs in that the soul is always reincarnated, (reborn), and karma (deeds). In direct opposition to Buddhism, it teaches the existence of Self as a stable and external principle.